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Knowledge graphs

A learning system needs an explicit account of the concepts it can teach.

In some subjects, concepts may have prerequisite relationships. In others, we may choose a collection of concepts without explicit relationships. The structure depends on the domain and on how we decide to organise that knowledge graph. For English, distinguishing senses and expressions also lets us ask how frequently each is used and which ones a learner needs first.

Resources

Lexicographer agreement on 363 reviewed items using fine WordNet senses and broader concepts.

lexEN

Expert-reviewed labels for English word sense disambiguation.

  • 4,861 test items, built from Maru2022.
  • Three lexicographers reviewed 363 disputed cases: 211 labels corrected, 56 items removed.
  • GPT-5.5 scores 91.8% with Maru labels → 95.6% with lexEN labels, using the same predictions.

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